Rates of return often involve incorporating other factors, including the bites that inflation and taxes take out of profits, the length of time involved, and any additional capital an investor makes in the venture. If the investment is foreign, then changes in exchange rates will also affect the rate of return. The Rate of Return (ROR) is the gain or loss of an investment over a period of time copmared to the initial cost of the investment expressed as a percentage. This guide teaches the most common formulas for calculating different types of rates of returns including total return, annualized return, ROI, ROA, ROE, IRR

A stock market crash occurs when shareholders look to dump their holdings of stock, shifting prices down. It can be bad for investors that hold stock, although 

Labor force participation rate is the percentage of working age population that is part of the labor force. It is a measure of what proportion of a country's population is employed or actively looking for employment. Higher the labor force participation rate, more of the country's population is interested in working.